Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahābhārata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible, the Quran, the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the works of William Shakespeare. At about 1.8 million words in total, the Mahābhārata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa. Its longest version consists of over 100,000 śloka or over 200,000 individual verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), and long prose passages. The Mahābhārata is the longest epic poem known and has been described as "the longest poem ever written". The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period ( c. The bulk of the Mahābhārata was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahābhārata is attributed to Vyāsa. Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, 18th–19th-century painting Among the principal works and stories in the Mahābhārata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, the story of Shakuntala, the story of Pururava and Urvashi, the story of Savitri and Satyavan, the story of Kacha and Devayani, the story of Rishyasringa and an abbreviated version of the Rāmāyaṇa, often considered as works in their own right. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or puruṣārtha (12.161). It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kurukshetra War, a war of succession between two groups of princely cousins, the Kauravas and the Pāṇḍavas. The Mahābhārata ( / m ə ˌ h ɑː ˈ b ɑːr ə t ə, ˌ m ɑː h ə-/ mə- HAH- BAR-ə-tə, MAH-hə- Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa.
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